CAREER
A career is an individual’s journey through learning, work and other aspects of life. There are
a number of ways to define a career and the term is used in a variety of ways.
Definitions and etymology
Career is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as a person ‘s “course or progress through life (or a distinct portion of life)”. In this definition career is understood to relate to a range of aspects of an individual’s life, learning and work. Career is also frequently understood to relate to the working
aspects of an individuals life e.g. as in career vwoman . A third way in which the term career is
used to describe an occupation or a profession that usually involves special training or formal
education, and is considered to be a person’s lifework. In this case “a career” is seen as a
sequence of related jobs usually pursued within a single industry or sector e.g. “a career in law” or
“a career in the building trade”. The etymology of the term comes from the French word carriere (“road, racecourse”) which, in turn, comes from the Latin word “(via)
cararia” (track for wheeled vehicles) which originated from the Latin word carrus” which means “wagon”.
By the late 20th century, a wide range of choices (especially in the range of potential professions )
and more widespread education had allowed it to become possible to plan (or design) a career: in
this respect the careers of the career counselor and of the career advisor have grown up. It is also not
uncommon for adults in the late 20th/early 21st centuries to have dual or multiple careers, either
sequentially or concurrently. Thus, professional identities have become hyphenated or hybridized
to reflect this shift in work ethic. Economist Richard Florida notes this trend generally and more
specifically among the ” creative class “.
Career choice
According to Behling and others, an individual’s decision to join a firm may depend on any of the three factors viz. objective factor, subjective factor and critical contact.
Objective factor theory assumes that the applicants are rational. The choice, therefore, is exercised after an objective assessment of the tangible benefits of the job. Factors may include the salary, other benefits, location, opportunities for career advancement, etc.
Subjective factor theory suggests that decisionmaking is dominated by social and psychological factors. The status of the job, reputation of the organization and other similarfactors plays an important role.
Critical contact theory advances the idea that a candidate’s observations while interacting with
the organization plays a vital role in decision making. For example, how the recruiter keeps in
touch with the candidate, the promptness of response and similar factors are important. This
theory is more valid with experienced professionals.
These theories assume that candidates have a free choice of employers and careers. In reality the
scarcity of jobs and strong competition for desirable jobs severely skews the decision making
process. In many markets employees work particular careers simply because they were forced
to accept whatever work was available to them.
Additionally, Ott-Holland and colleagues found that culture can have a major influence on career
choice, depending on the type of culture.
When choosing a career that’s best for you, according to US News, there are multiple things to
consider. Some of those include: natural talents, work style, social interaction, work-life balance,
whether or not you are looking to give back,whether you are comfortable in the public eye,
dealing with stress or not, and finally, how much money you want to make. If choosing a career
feels like too much pressure, here’s another option: pick a path that feels right today by making the best decision you can, and know that you can change your mind in the future. In today’s
workplace, choosing a career doesn’t necessarily mean you have to stick with that line of work for
your entire life. Make a smart decision, and plan to re-evaluate down the line based on your long-term objectives.
Pls list the types of communication and explain them.
The communication system enables the successful
transmission of idea or any other important
information among individuals. The person from
whom the thought originates carefully encodes his
ideas into a sensible content which is now ready to
be shared with everyone. He is commonly referred
to as the sender and the other party who receives
the information from him is called the receiver or
the recipient. The free flow of information between
the sender and the receiver takes place because of
the communication system.
The flow of information can be between two
individuals. The information can flow from the
individual to a machine, from the machine to the
individual and even between two machines.
Machines coupled together through networks also
provide signals for the individuals to respond, thus
a type of communication system. In the above
cases all the machines must work on similar lines
and patterns, must be technically compatible and
has to provide the same information, so that the
individuals can decode the information well.
Let us study the various types of communication
system for the smooth flow of information
between two parties .
1. Optical Communication System
The word “Optical” stands for light. As the name
itself suggests, optical communication system
depends on light as the medium for
communication. In an optical communication
system the transmitter converts the information
into an optical signal (signal in the form of light)
and finally the signal then reaches the recipient.
The recipient then decodes the signal and
responds accordingly. In optical communication
system, light helps in the transmission of
information. The safe landing of helicopters and
aeroplanes work on the above principle. The pilots
receive light signals from the base and decide their
next movements. On the roads, red light
communicates the individual to immediately stop
while the individual moves on seeing the green
light.
In this mode of communication light travels
through the optical fibre.
2.Radio Communication System
In the radio communication system the information
flows with the help of a radio. Radio
communication system works with the aid of a
transmitter and a receiver both equipped with an
antenna.
The transmitter with the help of an antenna
produces signals which are carried through radio
carrier wave. The receiver also with the help of an
antenna receives the signal. Some information is
unwanted and must be discarded and hence the
electronic filters help in the separation of radio
signals from other unwanted signals which are
further amplified to an optimum level Finally the
signals are decoded in an information which can
be easily understood by the individuals for them to
respond accordingly.
3.Duplex communications system
In Duplex communications system two equipments
can communicate with each other in both the
directions simultaneously and hence the name
Duplex. When you interact with your friend over the
telephone, both of you can listen to each other at
the same time. The sender sends the signals to the
receiver who receives it then and there and also
give his valuable feedback to the speaker for him
to respond. Hence the communication actually
takes place between the speaker and the receiver
simultaneously.
In the Duplex communication system, two devices
can communicate with each other at the same
time.
A type of communication system involves the
sender and the receiver where the sender is in
charge of sending signals and the recipients only
listen to it and respond accordingly. Such
communication is also called Simplex
communication system.
4. Half Duplex Communication System
In half Duplex communication system, both the
two parties can’t communicate simultaneously.
The sender has to stop sending the signals to the
recipient and then only the recipient can respond.
A walkie talkie works on the half duplex
communication system. The military personnel
while interacting has to say “Over” for the other
person to respond. He needs to speak the security
code correctly for the other person to speak. The
other party will never communicate unless and
until the code is correct and complete.
5.Tactical Communication System
Another mode of communication is the tactical
mode of communication. In this mode of
communication, communication varies according
to the changes in the environmental conditions and
other situations.
All the above modes of communication work for a
common objective ie to transfer the information
from one party to the other party. The various
models of communication system help us to
understand the route of flow of information from
the sender to the recipients through some
medium.
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